l'introduzione
Key statutes and concepts
US SECURITIES ACT OF 1933; US SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
The two principal federal securities statutes in the United States are the US Securities Act of 1933 (the Securities Act) and the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act). To simplify considerably, the Securities Act governs the offer and sale of securities in the United States, while the Exchange Act regulates the trading of securities on a US national securities exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange (the NYSE) or the Nasdaq Stock Market (Nasdaq), ongoing periodic and annual reporting, and tender and exchange offers.
The US Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) has issued a comprehensive body of rules and regulations under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. These rules have the force of law.
REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT AND THE EXCHANGE ACT
Registration is a core concept in the US federal securities laws. The Securities Act requires issuers to register transactions. By contrast, the Exchange Act requires issuers to register classes of securities.
(i) Securities Act registration
The Securities Act requires registration with the SEC of any transaction involving the offer or sale of a security, unless the security is of a type that is exempt from registration or the transaction is structured to take advantage of an available exemption from registration. The terms "offer and sale" and "security" are very broadly defined.
As we discuss in more detail below, registered transactions involve filing a registration statement with the SEC and meeting detailed and specific disclosure and financial statement requirements. In addition, registered transactions trigger the wide-ranging provisions of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or Sarbanes-Oxley) and a comprehensive liability scheme.
By contrast, the requirements of unregistered transactions are generally less demanding. A foreign private issuer will not typically become subject to Sarbanes-Oxley merely by issuing securities in an unregistered transaction, and the liability regime governing unregistered transactions is more circumscribed. Foreign private issuers contemplating an unregistered transaction look to exemptions such as:
· Offshore transactions: offers and sales made outside of the United States pursuant to Regulation S under the Securities Act (Regulation S);
· Private placements: offers and sales not involving a public offering pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act or Regulation D under the Securities Act (Regulation D); and
· Rule 144A transactions: private placements involving resales to qualified institutional buyers (QIBs) pursuant to Securities Act Rule 144A.
The decision whether to issue in a registered or unregistered transaction involves balancing business and legal objectives. Broadly speaking, registered transactions are more complex and time-consuming. But not all securities issuances can take the form of an unregistered transaction. If a foreign private issuer wishes to list its securities in the United States, or to make a public offering of securities to retail investors in the United States, the transaction will have to be registered.
(ii) Exchange Act registration
A foreign private issuer must register a class of securities under the Exchange Act if that class will be listed on a US national securities exchange (such as the NYSE or American Stock Exchange) or quoted on Nasdaq.2 In addition, if a foreign private issuer has assets in excess of $10 million3 and a class of equity securities held by at least 500 shareholders (of whom at least 300 are resident in the United States) it must register those securities,4 unless it can claim the benefit of the exemption from registration provided by Exchange Act Rule 12g3-2(b).
In order to qualify for the Rule 12g3-2(b) exemption, a foreign private issuer must first submit an application to the SEC. Then, on an ongoing basis, the foreign private issuer must furnish to the SEC certain material information (such as information regarding the issuer's financial condition, changes in business and management, acquisitions or disposition of assets, issuances of securities, and transactions with management or principal security holders)5 that:6
· it has made or is required to make public pursuant to the law of the country of its domicile or in which it is incorporated or organized;
· it has filed or is required to file with a stock exchange on which its securities are traded and that was made public by that exchange; or
· it has distributed or is required to distribute to its security holders.
The Rule 12g3-2(b) exemption is not available under certain circumstances. For example, an issuer may not claim the exemption if, during the prior 18 months, it had securities registered under the Exchange Act or otherwise had an obligation to file periodic reports with the SEC.
EXCHANGE ACT REPORTING
Once a foreign private issuer has registered with the SEC under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, it must make certain filings and submissions to the SEC under the Exchange Act.7 Reporting foreign private issuers also become subject to various other provisions of the US federal securities laws.
(i) Annual report on Form 20-F
A reporting foreign private issuer must file an annual report on Form 20-F with the SEC within six months after the end of its fiscal year.8 Form 20-F contains detailed financial and non-financial disclosure requirements. We include a checklist for non-financial disclosure items in Annex A.
Practice point:
Annual reports on Form 20-F must be certified by an issuer's chief executive officer (CEO) and chief financial officer (CFO) under Sections 302 and 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley.
(ii) Current reports on Form 6-K
A reporting foreign private issuer must submit current reports to the SEC on Form 6-K.9 Form 6-K reports must contain all material information that the issuer:
· makes or is required to make public pursuant to the laws of its country of incorporation or organization;
· files or is required to file with a stock exchange on which its securities are traded and which was made public by that exchange; or
· distributes or is required to distribute to its security holders.10
Practice point:
Failure to submit Form 6-Ks when required will prevent a foreign private issuer from using Form F-2 or Form F-3, the "short form" Securities Act registration statements. As a result, foreign private issuers should take care to submit Form 6-Ks on a timely basis.
Practice point:
Form 6-K submissions do not need to be certified by an issuer’s CEO and CFO under Sections 302 and 906 of Sarbanes-Oxley.11
OTHER RELEVANT STATUTES
In addition to the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, a foreign private issuer may trigger a number of other statutes when it issues securities in the United States, including:
· the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which represents the most comprehensive restructuring of the regulatory system governing the US capital markets since the enactment of the Exchange Act in 1934;
· the US Investment Company Act of 1940 (the Investment Company Act), which regulates offers and sales of securities by investment companies. Some foreign private issuers may be "investment companies" within the meaning of the Investment Company Act even though their primary activities are not investment related;
· US federal tax laws, which impose particular tax treatment on securities of passive foreign investment companies (PFICs) within the meaning of the US Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Certain foreign private issuers may be PFICs despite their operational activities; and
· the US Trust Indenture Act of 1939, which requires that indentures used for public offerings of debt securities in the United States meet various substantive and procedural requirements.
WHAT IS A FOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER?
(i) Definition
A "foreign private issuer" means any issuer (other than a foreign government) incorporated or organized under the laws of a jurisdiction outside of the United States unless:16
· more than 50% of its outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned of record by US residents; and
· any of the following applies:
- the majority of its executive officers or directors are US citizens or residents;
- more than 50% of its assets are located in the United States; or
- its business is administered principally in the United States.
(ii) How is ownership determined?
Generally, an issuer may rely upon a review of the addresses of its security holders in its records in determining whether or not it is a foreign private issuer.17 However, securities held of record by a broker, dealer, or bank (or nominee for any of them) for the accounts of customers resident in the United States will be counted as held in the United States by the number of separate accounts for which the securities are held.18 The issuer may rely in good faith on information as to the number of these separate accounts supplied by brokers, dealers, banks or nominees.19
An issuer's inquiry as to ownership of its securities by US residents may be limited to those brokers, dealers and banks (and other nominees) that are record holders of the issuer's securities and that are located in (i) the United States, (ii) the issuer's jurisdiction of incorporation, and (iii) the jurisdiction of the issuer's primary trading market for its voting securities.20 If, after reasonable inquiry, the issuer is unable to obtain information about the amount of securities represented by accounts of customers resident in the United States, it may assume that these customers are residents of the jurisdiction in which it has its principal place of business.21
(iii) Benefits for foreign private issuers
Under the US federal securities laws and the SEC's rules and practice, foreign private issuers are not regulated in precisely the same way as domestic US issuers. In particular, foreign private issuers are allowed a number of key benefits not available to domestic US issuers.
These include the following:
· Quarterly reports: Unlike domestic US issuers, foreign private issuers are not required to file quarterly reports (including quarterly financial information) with the SEC.22 Some foreign private issuers, however, choose (or are required by contract) to file the same forms with the SEC that domestic US issuers use. In that case, they must report quarterly as if they were a domestic US issuer.23
· SEC staff policy on confidential submissions: Foreign private issuers that are registering for the first time with the SEC may generally submit registration statements on a confidential basis to the SEC staff. By contrast, domestic US companies must file their registration statements publicly. Confidential submissions can be a significant advantage because the procedure allows the complicated issues often encountered in an initial SEC review to be resolved behind closed doors. A foreign private issuer will still be required to file its registration statement publicly prior to going on a road show or selling its securities (and will have to file any future registration statements publicly).
Practice point:
Previously, the SEC staff was willing to review draft registration statements of all foreign private issuers on a confidential basis. The SEC has changed its policy on confidential review, and will now generally only accept confidential submissions of draft registration statements by first-time foreign registrants.
· Proxy rules: The US proxy rules - which specify the procedures and required documentation for soliciting shareholder votes - are not applicable to foreign private issuers.24
· Regulation FD: Regulation FD (fair disclosure) requires issuers to make public disclosure of any material non-public information that has been selectively disclosed to securities industry professionals (for example, analysts) or shareholders.25 The Regulation provides that when a domestic US issuer, or someone acting on its behalf, discloses material non-public information to certain persons (including analysts, other securities market professionals and holders of the issuer's securities who could reasonably be expected to trade on the basis of the information), it must make simultaneous public disclosure of that information (in the case of intentional disclosure) or prompt public disclosure (in the case of non-intentional disclosure).26
Foreign private issuers are expressly exempt from Regulation FD.27 But foreign private issuers that file reports with the SEC typically consider complying with Regulation FD (at least in part), particularly since the restrictions in their home jurisdictions in many cases overlap with Regulation FD's requirements.
Practice point:
Regardless of the exemption from Regulation FD, foreign private issuers remain exposed to potential liability from selective disclosure, for example from "tipping" securities analysts or selected shareholders.
· Beneficial ownership reporting; short-swing profit recapture rules: Under Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, anyone who owns more than 10% of any class of equity security registered under the Exchange Act, or who is an officer or director of an issuer of such a security, must file a statement of beneficial ownership with, and report changes in beneficial ownership to, the SEC. Similarly, Section 16(b) requires any such shareholder, officer or director to disgorge to the issuer profits realized on purchases and sales within any period of less than six months. Securities of foreign private issuers are exempt from Section 16.28
· Accelerated filing: Under the accelerated filing rules adopted by the SEC in 2002, seasoned domestic US filers will eventually be required to file annual reports 60 days after the end of their fiscal year.29 Foreign private issuers are not subject to accelerated filing, and accordingly may file annual reports report within six months of the end of their fiscal year.30 A foreign private issuer that chooses, however, to file the same forms with the SEC that are required for domestic US issuers will be subject to accelerated filing.31
· Sarbanes-Oxley Act exemptions: Although the Sarbanes-Oxley Act generally does not distinguish between domestic US issuers and foreign private issuers, the SEC has adopted a number of significant exemptions for the benefit of foreign private issuers in its rules under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These exemptions cover areas such as: (i) audit committee independence; (ii) black-out trading restrictions (Regulation BTR); (iii) use of non-Gaap financial measures (Regulation G); and (iv) certification of interim reports.
1. We do not discuss the Multijurisdictional Disclosure System applicable to Canadian foreign private issuers in this Overview, or the special requirements applicable to registered "investment companies."
2. Exchange Act Section 12(a) prohibits transactions on US national securities exchanges with respect to unregistered securities, while Section 12(b) sets out the requirement for that registration. Technically, Nasdaq is not a "national securities exchange" and the requirements of Sections 12(a) and 12(b) accordingly do not apply to securities quoted on Nasdaq. Nasdaq rules, however, require a foreign private issuer to register securities under Exchange Act Section 12(g) prior to quotation. National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., NASD Manual, Rules 4320(a), (b) [hereinafter NASD Manual]. Section 12(g)(1) permits voluntary registration of equity securities.
3. In the case of a foreign private issuer whose securities are quoted on Nasdaq, this threshold is $1 million, not $10 million. See Exchange Act Rule 12g-1.
4. Exchange Act Section 12(g)(1); Exchange Act Rules 12g-1, 12g3-2(a).
5. Exchange Act Rule 12g3-2(b)(3).
6. Exchange Act Rule 12g3-2(b)(1)(i).
7. Exchange Act Sections 13(a), 15(d).
8. Form 20-F, General Instructions A(b). See also Exchange Act Rule 13a-1 (each issuer with Section 12 registered securities must file an annual report within the time period specified in the relevant form).
9. Exchange Act Rule 13a-16(a); Form 6-K, General Instruction A.
10. Form 6-K, General Instruction B.
11. Note that in April 2003, US Senator Joseph R. Biden inserted comments into the US Congressional Record to the effect that the Section 906 certification was intended to apply to Form 6-K submissions containing financial statements. Legislative History of Title IX of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 149 Cong. Rec. S5325, S5331 (April 11 2003). The SEC has taken note of Senator Biden's comments, and although it stated that it was "concerned that extending Section 906 certifications to Forms 6-K or 8-K could potentially chill the disclosure of information by companies," it went on to comment that it was "considering, in consultation with the US Department of Justice, the application of Section 906 to current reports on Forms 6-K and 8-K and annual reports on Form 11-K and the possibility of taking additional action." Management's Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, Securities Act Release No 8238, Exchange Act Release No 47986, Investment Company Act Release No 26068 (June 5 2003).
12. Exchange Act Section 13(b)(2)-(7); Exchange Act Regulation 13B-2.
13. Exchange Act Section 30A.
14. Exchange Act Section 10A.
15. Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Section 2(a)(7) (definition of "issuer" subject to Sarbanes-Oxley).
16. Securities Act Rule 405; Exchange Act Rule 3b-4.
17. Instruction A to Securities Act Rule 405; Exchange Act Rules 12g3-2(a)(1), 12g5-1(a).
18. Exchange Act Rule 12g3-2(a)(1).
19. Id.
20. Instruction A to Securities Act Rule 405.
21. Instruction B to Securities Act Rule 405.
22. Exchange Act Rule 13a-13(b)(2).
23. Exchange Act Rule 13a-16(a)(3).
24. Exchange Act Rule 3a12-3(b).
25. Regulation FD, Rule 100.
26. Id.
27. Id. Rule 101(b)(ii).
28. Exchange Act Rule 3a12-3(b). Note that these securities remain subject to the beneficial ownership reporting requirements of Sections 13(d) and 13(g).
29. Acceleration of Periodic Report Filing Dates and Disclosure Concerning Website Access to Reports, Securities Act Release No 8128, Exchange Act Release No 46464, Financial Reporting Release No 63 [2002 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH) 86,724, at 86,188 (September 5 2002).
30. Id. at 86,199.
31. Exchange Act Rule 13a-13(b)(2).