Imark
Forumer storico
Studiando Pemex, si è visto come le oil & gas sotto il pieno controllo statale, specie nei paesi emergenti, siano delle vere e proprie cash cows, delle macchine da soldi, da proventi fiscali nella fattispecie, in paesi in cui la capacità impositiva del fisco sugli operatori economici è abbastanza ridotta e c'è molta evasione fiscale.
La proprietà statale vale dunque a mettere al sicuro i proventi conseguiti attraverso la vendita degli idrocarburi estratti dalla società e genera, come già detto per Pemex, una forte relazione fra rating sovrano e rating corporate.
In aggiunta, è abbastanza comune in questo contesto che le difficoltà finanziarie dello Stato controllore abbiano un riflesso diretto sulla disponibilità di risorse della società controllata.
Il discorso si propone per Gazprom, downgradata nei giorni scorsi da Fitch di un livello al rating BBB in conseguenza del downgrade che ha investito la il rating sovrano della Russia.
Resta da dire che per ora l'indebolimento delle riserve valutarie russe nello sforzo di contenere la caduta del rublo contro altre valute è forte, ma la base di partenza era di una tale consistenza da lasciare ancora la Russia in controllo di ampie riserve di valuta estera; il debito sovrano russo è modesto rispetto al PIL.
Sul versante opposto, preoccupa l'uscita di capitali dal rublo, generata da soggetti corporate ed istituzionali nello sforzo di costituire riserve in valuta estera per ripagare il debito esterno in queste valute prima di subire le conseguenze della svalutazione del rublo, in un processo che tuttavia indebolisce il rublo di per sé, generando un circolo che si autoalimenta.
Infatti, finché le aspettative sono per un prezzo calante delle commodities e dell'oil, esse si riflettono in aspettative di indebolimento del rublo ed incentivano chi deve far fronte a scadenze nel debito in valuta a cambiare rubli contro valuta. Ma ciò genera ulteriore svalutazione.
Con scadenze di debito in USD per 140 mld nel 2009 per il settore privato russo, le tensioni sul rublo permarranno presumibilmente anche nell'anno corrente.
Fitch Downgrades Russia to 'BBB'; Outlook Negative
04 Feb 2009 5:59 AM (EST)
Fitch Ratings-London/Moscow-04 February 2009: Fitch Ratings has today downgraded the Russian Federation's Long-term foreign and local currency Issuer Default ratings (IDR) to 'BBB' from 'BBB+', the Short-term foreign currency IDR to 'F3' from 'F2' and the Country Ceiling to 'BBB+' from 'A-' (A minus). The Outlooks on the Long-term ratings remain Negative.
"The downgrade reflects the negative impact on Russia from the fall in commodity prices and the dislocation to global capital markets that has left Russian banks and companies struggling to refinance external debt, and the difficulties Russia faces in managing the necessary macroeconomic policy adjustments," says Edward Parker, Head of Emerging Europe in Fitch's Sovereigns team.
"The scale of capital outflows and the pace of decline in Russia's foreign exchange reserves have materially weakened the sovereign balance sheet," says Mr Parker.
Russia's foreign exchange reserves (FXR) have fallen by USD210bn, from their peak at end-July 2008 to USD386.5bn as at 23 January 2009, albeit around USD58bn of which was due to valuation effects.
Fitch is concerned about the depletion of FXR caused by gross private sector capital outflows, which were USD94bn in Q408.
They might moderate now that banks and corporates have built up foreign currency (FX) assets, which could be used to repay maturing external debt.
In addition, the announcement by the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) on 23 January that the period of rapid managed devaluation has reached an effective close could reduce the incentive to sell rouble and buy FX assets.
However, capital outflows might continue if the authorities pursue inconsistent macroeconomic policies or if there is an ongoing lack of confidence in the country's financial outlook and institutions.
Fitch notes that dollarisation in the banking system is rising and the rouble has fallen further since the CBR announcement to only just above the floor of its new band.
Monetary and exchange rate policy remains a challenge for the CBR in terms of whether to continue using FXR to support the rouble (which would weaken the sovereign balance sheet), tighten domestic liquidity (which could adversely affect the banks) or revise its exchange rate policy (which would adversely affect its credibility).
Fitch is less concerned by the fall in FXR caused by external debt repayments, as this leaves the country's net external debt unchanged.
It estimates the private sector made external debt net repayments of USD36bn in Q408, which corresponds to a roll-over rate of 55%. Nonetheless, with an estimated USD140bn of private sector external debt payments falling due in 2009, this will be a drain on FXR through the course of the year.
Russia's ratings remain supported by the sovereign's strong and liquid balance sheet. General government debt was less than 10% of GDP at end-2008, compared with the 'BBB' category median of 28%, while the sovereign wealth funds contained some USD225bn. Despite the substantial recent decline, Russia's FXR are still the third highest in the world and it is a net external creditor.
Nonetheless, risks to creditworthiness remain on the downside. Fitch forecasts GDP growth of 0% in 2009, compared to 8% in H108. The recession, anti-crisis measures and lower oil prices will cause the budget to swing into deficit this year. Further falls in oil prices, low roll-over rates of external debt, ongoing capital outflows, heightened strains in the banking sector or increased political uncertainty could increase downward pressure on the ratings. Fitch's analysis of the fall in FXR is set out in a new report, entitled "Russia: Foreign Reserves, the Rouble and Capital Outflows", which will be available shortly on Fitch's subscription website, www.fitchresearch.com.
La proprietà statale vale dunque a mettere al sicuro i proventi conseguiti attraverso la vendita degli idrocarburi estratti dalla società e genera, come già detto per Pemex, una forte relazione fra rating sovrano e rating corporate.
In aggiunta, è abbastanza comune in questo contesto che le difficoltà finanziarie dello Stato controllore abbiano un riflesso diretto sulla disponibilità di risorse della società controllata.
Il discorso si propone per Gazprom, downgradata nei giorni scorsi da Fitch di un livello al rating BBB in conseguenza del downgrade che ha investito la il rating sovrano della Russia.
Resta da dire che per ora l'indebolimento delle riserve valutarie russe nello sforzo di contenere la caduta del rublo contro altre valute è forte, ma la base di partenza era di una tale consistenza da lasciare ancora la Russia in controllo di ampie riserve di valuta estera; il debito sovrano russo è modesto rispetto al PIL.
Sul versante opposto, preoccupa l'uscita di capitali dal rublo, generata da soggetti corporate ed istituzionali nello sforzo di costituire riserve in valuta estera per ripagare il debito esterno in queste valute prima di subire le conseguenze della svalutazione del rublo, in un processo che tuttavia indebolisce il rublo di per sé, generando un circolo che si autoalimenta.
Infatti, finché le aspettative sono per un prezzo calante delle commodities e dell'oil, esse si riflettono in aspettative di indebolimento del rublo ed incentivano chi deve far fronte a scadenze nel debito in valuta a cambiare rubli contro valuta. Ma ciò genera ulteriore svalutazione.
Con scadenze di debito in USD per 140 mld nel 2009 per il settore privato russo, le tensioni sul rublo permarranno presumibilmente anche nell'anno corrente.
Fitch Downgrades Russia to 'BBB'; Outlook Negative
04 Feb 2009 5:59 AM (EST)
Fitch Ratings-London/Moscow-04 February 2009: Fitch Ratings has today downgraded the Russian Federation's Long-term foreign and local currency Issuer Default ratings (IDR) to 'BBB' from 'BBB+', the Short-term foreign currency IDR to 'F3' from 'F2' and the Country Ceiling to 'BBB+' from 'A-' (A minus). The Outlooks on the Long-term ratings remain Negative.
"The downgrade reflects the negative impact on Russia from the fall in commodity prices and the dislocation to global capital markets that has left Russian banks and companies struggling to refinance external debt, and the difficulties Russia faces in managing the necessary macroeconomic policy adjustments," says Edward Parker, Head of Emerging Europe in Fitch's Sovereigns team.
"The scale of capital outflows and the pace of decline in Russia's foreign exchange reserves have materially weakened the sovereign balance sheet," says Mr Parker.
Russia's foreign exchange reserves (FXR) have fallen by USD210bn, from their peak at end-July 2008 to USD386.5bn as at 23 January 2009, albeit around USD58bn of which was due to valuation effects.
Fitch is concerned about the depletion of FXR caused by gross private sector capital outflows, which were USD94bn in Q408.
They might moderate now that banks and corporates have built up foreign currency (FX) assets, which could be used to repay maturing external debt.
In addition, the announcement by the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) on 23 January that the period of rapid managed devaluation has reached an effective close could reduce the incentive to sell rouble and buy FX assets.
However, capital outflows might continue if the authorities pursue inconsistent macroeconomic policies or if there is an ongoing lack of confidence in the country's financial outlook and institutions.
Fitch notes that dollarisation in the banking system is rising and the rouble has fallen further since the CBR announcement to only just above the floor of its new band.
Monetary and exchange rate policy remains a challenge for the CBR in terms of whether to continue using FXR to support the rouble (which would weaken the sovereign balance sheet), tighten domestic liquidity (which could adversely affect the banks) or revise its exchange rate policy (which would adversely affect its credibility).
Fitch is less concerned by the fall in FXR caused by external debt repayments, as this leaves the country's net external debt unchanged.
It estimates the private sector made external debt net repayments of USD36bn in Q408, which corresponds to a roll-over rate of 55%. Nonetheless, with an estimated USD140bn of private sector external debt payments falling due in 2009, this will be a drain on FXR through the course of the year.
Russia's ratings remain supported by the sovereign's strong and liquid balance sheet. General government debt was less than 10% of GDP at end-2008, compared with the 'BBB' category median of 28%, while the sovereign wealth funds contained some USD225bn. Despite the substantial recent decline, Russia's FXR are still the third highest in the world and it is a net external creditor.
Nonetheless, risks to creditworthiness remain on the downside. Fitch forecasts GDP growth of 0% in 2009, compared to 8% in H108. The recession, anti-crisis measures and lower oil prices will cause the budget to swing into deficit this year. Further falls in oil prices, low roll-over rates of external debt, ongoing capital outflows, heightened strains in the banking sector or increased political uncertainty could increase downward pressure on the ratings. Fitch's analysis of the fall in FXR is set out in a new report, entitled "Russia: Foreign Reserves, the Rouble and Capital Outflows", which will be available shortly on Fitch's subscription website, www.fitchresearch.com.