Special Report
Blow Offs and Blow Downs in the U.S. Equity Market
Blow offs in the U.S. equity market are rare, but wonderful events for investors holding U.S. equity securities, Exchange Traded Funds and mutual funds. Significant gains are recorded in a relatively short period of time.
Unfortunately, blow offs are followed by “blow downs” where gains realized during the “blow offs” quickly are lost. Indeed, when blow offs occur at the end of an
economic cycle, the “blow downs” frequently take equity indices to below levels where the “blow off” started.
Blow offs are characterized by a period of 2-4 months when broadly based equity indices such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index move sharply higher with little or no correction. Ten “blow offs” have been identified during the past 34 years. Average gain per period was 13.2%. Stocks in an uptrend exceed stocks in a downtrend by four times or more. Sector participation is widespread. Sentiment indicators are bullish. Economic and earnings news prior to a blow off are encouraging and tend to improve during the 2-4 month period.
Identifying the top of a blow off is virtually impossible. “Blow offs” take the market to unexpected levels on the upside. Guessing when the top has occurred can be hazardous to your financial health. Technical indicators (e.g. breaking of trend lines, roll-overs by RSI, MACD, Stochastics, etc.) are useful only after the peak has occurred.
The “blow down” phase is to be avoided at all cost. Average loss per period after the past 10 blow offs has been 18.4%. Blow downs occur 2-6 months following blow offs.
Blow downs are characterized by declining investor sentiment, technical weakness in broadly based equity indices, a fall in the ratio of stocks in an uptrend versus a downtrend and reductions in economic and earnings estimates offered by analysts.
Following is data for the past 10 blow offs and blow downs showing dates, levels for the Dow Jones Industrial Average and their performance.
Blow Offs for the Dow Jones Industrial Average during the past 34 years
Bottom date DJIA Top date DJIA Percent Change
Oct. 16, 1972 922 Jan.11, 1973 1,052 14.1
July 5, 1978 806 Sept. 8, 1978 908 12.7
Feb.13, 1981 932 Apr.27, 1981 1,024 9.9
Aug. 8, 1983 1,163 Nov.29, 1983 1,287 10.7
May 20, 1987 2,215 Aug.25, 1987 2,722 22.9
Apr. 27, 1990 2,645 July 16, 1990 3,000 13.4
Nov. 4, 1993 3,624 Jan. 31, 1994 3,978 9.8
Mar. 5, 1998 8,444 July 17, 1998 10,635 10.6
Oct. 15, 1999 10,020 Jan.14, 2000 11,723 17.0
Jan. 28, 2002 9,618 Mar.19, 2002 10,635 10.6
Average 13.2
Blow Downs following Blow Offs for the Dow Jones Industrial Average during the past 34 years
Top date DJIA Bottom date DJIA Percent Decline
July11, 1973 1,052 May 21, 1973 886 15.8
Sept. 8, 1978 908 Nov. 14, 1978 785 13.5
Apr. 27, 1981 1,024 Sept. 25, 1981 824 19.5
Nov. 29, 1983 1,287 Feb. 22, 1984 1,134 11.9
Aug. 25, 1987 2,722 Oct. 19, 1987 1,739 36.1
July 16, 1990 3,000 Oct. 12, 1990 2,398 20.1
Jan. 31, 1994 3,978 Apr. 20, 1994 3,599 9.5
July 17, 1998 9,338 Sept. 10,1998 7,616 19.4
Jan.14, 2000 11,723 Mar. 7, 2000 9,796 16.4
Mar. 19, 2002 10,635 Oct. 9, 2002 7,286 21.5
Average 18.4
Question: Have broadly based U.S. equity indices recently experienced a “blow off”?
Evidence of a blow off is convincing:
The Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index recorded exceptional, non-stop gains from July 14th to November 22nd. The Dow Jones Industrial Average added 15.5% and the S&P 500 Index gained 14.6%.
Sentiment indicators for U.S. equity markets have improved steadily since August. Bullish Advisors rose to 58.5% last week. In addition, the Volatility Index (i.e. VIX) reached a multi-year low last week, a sign that investor are satisfied with their current equity holdings.
The ratio of S&P 500 stocks in an uptrend versus a downtrend reached a new intermediate cycle high at 4.62 on Friday.
Economic and earnings news has been surprisingly positive during the past three months. Third quarter earnings reports exceeded consensus expectations and economists briefly raised projections when energy costs came down.
Was the downdraft recorded yesterday the start of the next “blow down”? Probably! As usual in these cases, we would like to see more technical evidence. However, technical action yesterday provided solid preliminary evidence that intermediate peaks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 Index have been reached:
Uptrends for the Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index have been broken. Ditto for selected international indices such as the German DAX Index and the French CAC Index. Both have broken below rising wedge patterns. An uptrend for the Nikkei Index previously had been broken.
Individual stocks in the S&P 500 have started to break support and establish neutral or downward trends. As noted above, only one S&P 500 stock broke resistance yesterday while 23 stocks broke support. The ratio of S&P 500 stocks in an uptrend to a downtrend fell yesterday from 4.62 to (346/91=) 3.80. Breakdowns by individual S&P 500 stocks were notable in sectors that have underperformed the S&P 500 Index during the past four weeks: Staples, Health Care, Telecom and Utilities.
Bullish Percent Index for broadly based indices and all S&P 500 sectors are overbought. Some already have rolled over (e.g. Health care, Telecom, Utilities).
Other evidence includes the following:
Bullish Advisors data, a measure of bullish sentiment by investment newsletter writers has reached a level of excessive bullishness. Historically, a stock market correction has started shortly after this indicator has approached the 60% level and rolled over.
Complacency shown by the multi-year low for VIX last week shows that investors generally were bullish and are not expecting a correction in the short term. A sharp increase in VIX yesterday, that broke a downtrend, indicates dissipation of complacency.
Bearish sentiment rose sharply yesterday as displayed by a rise in volume by the double inverse S&P 500 ETF (Symbol: SDS).
Analyst estimates for sales, cash flow and earnings by major companies in 2007 are declining, but remain high if the U.S. economy slows in 2007.
Energy costs have stopped going down. Indeed, natural gas, heating oil and unleaded gasoline have established uptrends during the past month and crude oil closed above $60 U.S. per barrel yesterday.
Uncertainties related to the recent decline in the U.S. Dollar and possible actions by the new Congress are increasing.
In conclusion, U.S. equity markets have passed the Peaking phase and have entered the Distribution phase.
For U.S. equities, ETFs and mutual funds, caveat emptor!
The stock market normally progresses through eight phases during an intermediate cycle lasting (on average) a year. The range of time for a full cycle is 5 –15 months. Total number of cycles during the past 19 years: 19. Identifying which phase the market currently stands will help the investor to determine risk/reward parameters.
The eight phases are intuitive, but they can be measured and determined with a mechanical model. The eight phases are:
Bottoming
Base Building
Breakout
Mark Up
Peaking
Distribution
Breakdown
Markdown
The mechanical model primarily looks at the ratio of stocks in a broadly base index (e.g. S&P 500, TSX Composite) that are in an uptrend versus a downtrend (i.e. the up/down ratio).
The Bottoming Phase frequently occurs when the up/down ratio is between 1/3 and 1/2 (i.e. between 0.33 and 0.50). A Bottoming phase was identified in mid March, 2003 when the up/down ratio bottomed at 0.28 for the S&P 500 and 0.54 for the TSX Composite. The most recent Bottoming phase occurred in mid May 2004 when the up/down ratio for the TSX fell to 0.60 and up/down ratio for the S&P 500 fell to 0.72. Occasionally, extremes are reached. For example, the up/down ratio fell below 0.10 for the S&P 500 in July 2002 before turning higher.
The Peaking Phase frequently occurs when the up/down ratio is between 2/1 and 3/1 (i.e. between 2.00 and 3.00). Occasionally, extremes are reached. For example, the up/down ratio rose to 7.75 for the S&P 500 and 4.22 for the TSX Composite in the first week in March 2004 before turning lower.
Following is a graphic description of the eight phases originally published in the International Federation of Technical Analysts Journal.