Annie: This is all bad news: We have 25% of the attention span that we had two decades ago. It is making us make a lot more errors. It's slowing us down because there are switching costs. It's adversely affecting our health, increasing stress levels. It’s changing our brains. But then we hear people all the time say things like, “I happen to be very good at multitasking.” Are we ever truly multitasking? And if so, is it actually realistic that all those people think they are great at it are great at it?
Gloria Mark: The answer is complicated. Yes, we can be good at multitasking, but only as long as one of those activities uses automatic attention. I can drive and have a conversation with a passenger because driving is generally automatic, but as soon as a car tries to swerve in front of me, I stop talking.
If two or more tasks involve controlled processing, we are not really multitasking in the sense of doing things in parallel, at the same time. We're switching our attention back and forth. When people switch their screens, they are using controlled processing because they're looking at what's on that screen. Maybe, to some extent, if you're surfing online, you might tend to do that automatically. But if you're reading any content on that page, then it is a kind of controlled processing.